Table 3 Illustrating different types of Biomarkers along with their characteristics
From: Early detection of breast cancer through the diagnosis of Nipple Aspirate Fluid (NAF)
Biomarker | Characteristics |
|---|---|
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) | Is opposite to the stage of disease, tumor size, node, and distant metastasis. |
Helps to identify cancer or atypia | |
is effective only in women post menopause | |
Protein DJ-1 [81] | The mRNA level rises in tissues however the protein level declines |
Cytokines/chemokines [82] | CXC and pro-inflammatory C–C chemokines are present at high levels. |
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), (uPA) urokinase-type plasminogen activator [84, 85] | Aids cancer initiation and progression |
Serotransferrin protein (TF) and (FTN) ferritin [89] | Helps in the progression of cancer |
Serum biomarker detects the spread of a variety of cancer |